1602 – Dutch East India Company, limited liability corporation, global trade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company

1776 – The Wealth of Nations from markets, specialization and trade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith

1817 – Comparative advantage drives international trade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo

1865 – Gilded age economic expansion and inequality in the US, laissez faire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age

1867 – Trade unions legalized in the United Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom

1910 – Scientific management, Frederick Taylor, Taylor method

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_management

1911 – Breakup of the Standard Oil Company – anti-monopoly power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Standard_Oil_Company

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_Co._of_New_Jersey_v._United_States

1913 – Federal Reserve Bank created

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act

1913 – Industrial assembly line- Ford

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line

1929 – Great Depression

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression

1933 – Securities and Exchange Commission regulates financial markets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933

1936 – Modern macroeconomics is outlined

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes

1939 – Silicon Valley begins with Hewlett-Packard, product and financing innovation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley

1942 – Creative Destruction is an essential part of effective capitalism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter

1947 – Military industrial sector, defense complex created

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States

1948 – Japanese companies start modern manufacturing based upon statistical insights.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Production_System

1950 – The study of “sequence of events” leads to modern project management.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_method

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_project_management

1952 – Henry Markowitz formalizes modern portfolio theory.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

1955 – Destination theme park travel begins – Walt Disney

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Experiences

1955 – Enclosed Shopping Mall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall

1956 – Intermodal shipping container and freight transport

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport

1958 – General purpose credit cards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card

1958 – A meritocratic work environment was dominating, and critics objected.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_of_the_Meritocracy

1962 – Product and process standardization, franchising take off

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_McDonald%27s

1962 – Discount retailing, big box stores, category killers arise.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Walmart

1968 – For profit health care.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCA_Healthcare

1970 – Income inequality begins to grow again in the US

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States

1971 – Discount air travel, standardized routes and aircraft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Southwest_Airlines

1973 – How much is a financial option worth?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_model

1973 – Reliable express delivery is founded.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx

1974 – Tax-advantaged individual retirement accounts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_retirement_account

1975 – Index funds and mutual funds simplify and lower transaction costs of investing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group

1978 – Executive stock options provide high levels of tax-advantaged compensation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_stock_option

1979 – Monetary policy can stop inflation, at a cost.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Volcker

1980 – Junk bonds provide financing for riskier companies and tools for investors.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-yield_debt

1980 – Michael Porter clarifies the effective use of business strategy to compete in markets.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_advantage

1984 – Eli Goldratt offers a “theory of constraints” as a way to understand and manage complex systems effectively, leading to true “lean manufacturing” and “lean operations”.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_constraints

1994 – On-line retailing, everything is in stock, and available soon.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Amazon

2007 – Great Recession highlights the ongoing risks of financial deregulation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession

Summary

Process standardization. Financial innovation. Highly focused strategies. New business forms. Markets and international trade deliver desired products, lower prices and competition. A role for government regulation remains. The macroeconomy can be managed to reduce the impact of business cycles and shocks.